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Variable::Magic(3pm) User Contributed Perl Documentation Variable::Magic(3pm)
NAME
Variable::Magic - Associate user-defined magic to variables from Perl.
VERSION
Version 0.40
SYNOPSIS
use Variable::Magic qw/wizard cast VMG_OP_INFO_NAME/;
{ # A variable tracer
my $wiz = wizard set => sub { print "now set to ${$_[0]}!\n" },
free => sub { print "destroyed!\n" };
my $a = 1;
cast $a, $wiz;
$a = 2; # "now set to 2!"
} # "destroyed!"
{ # A hash with a default value
my $wiz = wizard data => sub { $_[1] },
fetch => sub { $_[2] = $_[1] unless exists $_[0]->{$_[2]}; () },
store => sub { print "key $_[2] stored in $_[-1]\n" },
copy_key => 1,
op_info => VMG_OP_INFO_NAME;
my %h = (_default => 0, apple => 2);
cast %h, $wiz, '_default';
print $h{banana}, "\n"; # "0", because the 'banana' key doesn't exist in %h
$h{pear} = 1; # "key pear stored in helem"
}
DESCRIPTION
Magic is Perl way of enhancing objects. This mechanism lets the user add extra data to
any variable and hook syntaxical operations (such as access, assignment or destruction)
that can be applied to it. With this module, you can add your own magic to any variable
without having to write a single line of XS.
You'll realize that these magic variables look a lot like tied variables. It's not
surprising, as tied variables are implemented as a special kind of magic, just like any
'irregular' Perl variable : scalars like $!, $( or $^W, the %ENV and %SIG hashes, the @ISA
array, "vec()" and "substr()" lvalues, threads::shared variables... They all share the
same underlying C API, and this module gives you direct access to it.
Still, the magic made available by this module differs from tieing and overloading in
several ways :
o It isn't copied on assignment.
You attach it to variables, not values (as for blessed references).
o It doesn't replace the original semantics.
Magic callbacks usually trigger before the original action take place, and can't
prevent it to happen. This also makes catching individual events easier than with
"tie", where you have to provide fallbacks methods for all actions by usually
inheriting from the correct "Tie::Std*" class and overriding individual methods in
your own class.
o It's type-agnostic.
The same magic can be applied on scalars, arrays, hashes, subs or globs. But the same
hook (see below for a list) may trigger differently depending on the the type of the
variable.
o It's mostly invisible at the Perl level.
Magical and non-magical variables cannot be distinguished with "ref", "tied" or
another trick.
o It's notably faster.
Mainly because perl's way of handling magic is lighter by nature, and because there's
no need for any method resolution. Also, since you don't have to reimplement all the
variable semantics, you only pay for what you actually use.
The operations that can be overloaded are :
o "get"
This magic is invoked when the variable is evaluated. It is never called for arrays
and hashes.
o "set"
This one is triggered each time the value of the variable changes. It is called for
array subscripts and slices, but never for hashes.
o "len"
This magic is a little special : it is called when the 'size' or the 'length' of the
variable has to be known by Perl. Typically, it's the magic involved when an array is
evaluated in scalar context, but also on array assignment and loops ("for", "map" or
"grep"). The callback has then to return the length as an integer.
o "clear"
This magic is invoked when the variable is reset, such as when an array is emptied.
Please note that this is different from undefining the variable, even though the magic
is called when the clearing is a result of the undefine (e.g. for an array, but
actually a bug prevent it to work before perl 5.9.5 - see the history).
o "free"
This one can be considered as an object destructor. It happens when the variable goes
out of scope, but not when it is undefined.
o "copy"
This magic only applies to tied arrays and hashes. It fires when you try to access or
change their elements. It is available on your perl iff "MGf_COPY" is true.
o "dup"
Invoked when the variable is cloned across threads. Currently not available.
o "local"
When this magic is set on a variable, all subsequent localizations of the variable
will trigger the callback. It is available on your perl iff "MGf_LOCAL" is true.
The following actions only apply to hashes and are available iff "VMG_UVAR" is true. They
are referred to as "uvar" magics.
o "fetch"
This magic happens each time an element is fetched from the hash.
o "store"
This one is called when an element is stored into the hash.
o "exists"
This magic fires when a key is tested for existence in the hash.
o "delete"
This last one triggers when a key is deleted in the hash, regardless of whether the
key actually exists in it.
You can refer to the tests to have more insight of where the different magics are invoked.
To prevent any clash between different magics defined with this module, an unique
numerical signature is attached to each kind of magic (i.e. each set of callbacks for
magic operations). At the C level, magic tokens owned by magic created by this module
have their "mg->mg_private" field set to 0x3891 or 0x3892, so please don't use these magic
(sic) numbers in other extensions.
FUNCTIONS
"wizard"
wizard data => sub { ... },
get => sub { my ($ref, $data [, $op]) = @_; ... },
set => sub { my ($ref, $data [, $op]) = @_; ... },
len => sub { my ($ref, $data, $len [, $op]) = @_; ... ; return $newlen; },
clear => sub { my ($ref, $data [, $op]) = @_; ... },
free => sub { my ($ref, $data [, $op]) = @_, ... },
copy => sub { my ($ref, $data, $key, $elt [, $op]) = @_; ... },
local => sub { my ($ref, $data [, $op]) = @_; ... },
fetch => sub { my ($ref, $data, $key [, $op]) = @_; ... },
store => sub { my ($ref, $data, $key [, $op]) = @_; ... },
exists => sub { my ($ref, $data, $key [, $op]) = @_; ... },
delete => sub { my ($ref, $data, $key [, $op]) = @_; ... },
copy_key => $bool,
op_info => [ 0 | VMG_OP_INFO_NAME | VMG_OP_INFO_OBJECT ]
This function creates a 'wizard', an opaque type that holds the magic information. It
takes a list of keys / values as argument, whose keys can be :
o "data"
A code (or string) reference to a private data constructor. It is called each time
this magic is cast on a variable, and the scalar returned is used as private data
storage for it. $_[0] is a reference to the magic object and @_[1 .. @_-1] are all
extra arguments that were passed to "cast".
o "get", "set", "len", "clear", "free", "copy", "local", "fetch", "store", "exists" and
"delete"
Code (or string) references to the corresponding magic callbacks. You don't have to
specify all of them : the magic associated with undefined entries simply won't be
hooked. In those callbacks, $_[0] is always a reference to the magic object and $_[1]
is always the private data (or "undef" when no private data constructor was supplied).
Moreover, when you pass "op_info => $num" to "wizard", the last element of @_ will be
the current op name if "$num == VMG_OP_INFO_NAME" and a "B::OP" object representing
the current op if "$num == VMG_OP_INFO_OBJECT". Both have a performance hit, but just
getting the name is lighter than getting the op object.
Other arguments are specific to the magic hooked :
o "len"
When the variable is an array or a scalar, $_[2] contains the non-magical
length. The callback can return the new scalar or array length to use, or
"undef" to default to the normal length.
o "copy"
$_[2] is a either a copy or an alias of the current key, which means that it
is useless to try to change or cast magic on it. $_[3] is an alias to the
current element (i.e. the value).
o "fetch", "store", "exists" and "delete"
$_[2] is an alias to the current key. Nothing prevents you from changing it,
but be aware that there lurk dangerous side effects. For example, it may
rightfully be readonly if the key was a bareword. You can get a copy instead
by passing "copy_key => 1" to "wizard", which allows you to safely assign to
$_[2] in order to e.g. redirect the action to another key. This however has a
little performance drawback because of the copy.
All the callbacks are expected to return an integer, which is passed straight to the
perl magic API. However, only the return value of the "len" callback currently holds
a meaning.
Each callback can be specified as a code or a string reference, in which case the function
denoted by the string will be used as the callback.
Note that "free" callbacks are never called during global destruction, as there's no way
to ensure that the wizard and the "free" callback weren't destroyed before the variable.
Here's a simple usage example :
# A simple scalar tracer
my $wiz = wizard get => sub { print STDERR "got ${$_[0]}\n" },
set => sub { print STDERR "set to ${$_[0]}\n" },
free => sub { print STDERR "${$_[0]} was deleted\n" }
"cast"
cast [$@%&*]var, $wiz, ...
This function associates $wiz magic to the variable supplied, without overwriting any
other kind of magic. It returns true on success or when $wiz magic is already present,
and croaks on error. All extra arguments specified after $wiz are passed to the private
data constructor in @_[1 .. @_-1]. If the variable isn't a hash, any "uvar" callback of
the wizard is safely ignored.
# Casts $wiz onto $x, and pass '1' to the data constructor.
my $x;
cast $x, $wiz, 1;
The "var" argument can be an array or hash value. Magic for those behaves like for any
other scalar, except that it is dispelled when the entry is deleted from the container.
For example, if you want to call "POSIX::tzset" each time the 'TZ' environment variable is
changed in %ENV, you can use :
use POSIX;
cast $ENV{TZ}, wizard set => sub { POSIX::tzset(); () };
If you want to overcome the possible deletion of the 'TZ' entry, you have no choice but to
rely on "store" uvar magic.
"getdata"
getdata [$@%&*]var, $wiz
This accessor fetches the private data associated with the magic $wiz in the variable. It
croaks when $wiz do not represent a valid magic object, and returns an empty list if no
such magic is attached to the variable or when the wizard has no data constructor.
# Get the attached data, or undef if the wizard does not attach any.
my $data = getdata $x, $wiz;
"dispell"
dispell [$@%&*]variable, $wiz
The exact opposite of "cast" : it dissociates $wiz magic from the variable. This function
returns true on success, 0 when no magic represented by $wiz could be found in the
variable, and croaks if the supplied wizard is invalid.
# Dispell now.
die 'no such magic in $x' unless dispell $x, $wiz;
CONSTANTS
"MGf_COPY"
Evaluates to true iff the 'copy' magic is available.
"MGf_DUP"
Evaluates to true iff the 'dup' magic is available.
"MGf_LOCAL"
Evaluates to true iff the 'local' magic is available.
"VMG_UVAR"
When this constant is true, you can use the "fetch,store,exists,delete" callbacks on
hashes.
"VMG_COMPAT_ARRAY_PUSH_NOLEN"
True for perls that don't call 'len' magic when you push an element in a magical array.
Starting from perl 5.11.0, this only refers to pushes in non-void context and hence is
false.
"VMG_COMPAT_ARRAY_PUSH_NOLEN_VOID"
True for perls that don't call 'len' magic when you push in void context an element in a
magical array.
"VMG_COMPAT_ARRAY_UNSHIFT_NOLEN_VOID"
True for perls that don't call 'len' magic when you unshift in void context an element in
a magical array.
"VMG_COMPAT_ARRAY_UNDEF_CLEAR"
True for perls that call 'clear' magic when undefining magical arrays.
"VMG_COMPAT_SCALAR_LENGTH_NOLEN"
True for perls that don't call 'len' magic when taking the "length" of a magical scalar.
"VMG_PERL_PATCHLEVEL"
The perl patchlevel this module was built with, or 0 for non-debugging perls.
"VMG_THREADSAFE"
True iff this module could have been built with thread-safety features enabled.
"VMG_FORKSAFE"
True iff this module could have been built with fork-safety features enabled. This will
always be true except on Windows where it's false for perl 5.10.0 and below .
"VMG_OP_INFO_NAME"
Value to pass with "op_info" to get the current op name in the magic callbacks.
"VMG_OP_INFO_OBJECT"
Value to pass with "op_info" to get a "B::OP" object representing the current op in the
magic callbacks.
COOKBOOK
Associate an object to any perl variable
This can be useful for passing user data through limited APIs.
{
package Magical::UserData;
use Variable::Magic qw/wizard cast getdata/;
my $wiz = wizard data => sub { \$_[1] };
sub ud (\[$@%*&]) : lvalue {
my ($var) = @_;
my $data = &getdata($var, $wiz);
unless (defined $data) {
&cast($var, $wiz);
$data = &getdata($var, $wiz);
die "Couldn't cast UserData magic onto the variable" unless defined $data;
}
$$data;
}
}
{
BEGIN { *ud = \&Magical::UserData::ud }
my $cb;
$cb = sub { print 'Hello, ', ud(&$cb), "!\n" };
ud(&$cb) = 'world';
$cb->(); # Hello, world!
}
Recursively cast magic on datastructures
"cast" can be called from any magical callback, and in particular from "data". This
allows you to recursively cast magic on datastructures :
my $wiz;
$wiz = wizard data => sub {
my ($var, $depth) = @_;
$depth ||= 0;
my $r = ref $var;
if ($r eq 'ARRAY') {
&cast((ref() ? $_ : \$_), $wiz, $depth + 1) for @$var;
} elsif ($r eq 'HASH') {
&cast((ref() ? $_ : \$_), $wiz, $depth + 1) for values %$var;
}
return $depth;
},
free => sub {
my ($var, $depth) = @_;
my $r = ref $var;
print "free $r at depth $depth\n";
();
};
{
my %h = (
a => [ 1, 2 ],
b => { c => 3 }
);
cast %h, $wiz;
}
When %h goes out of scope, this will print something among the lines of :
free HASH at depth 0
free HASH at depth 1
free SCALAR at depth 2
free ARRAY at depth 1
free SCALAR at depth 3
free SCALAR at depth 3
Of course, this example does nothing with the values that are added after the "cast".
PERL MAGIC HISTORY
The places where magic is invoked have changed a bit through perl history. Here's a
little list of the most recent ones.
o 5.6.x
p14416 : 'copy' and 'dup' magic.
o 5.8.9
p28160 : Integration of p25854 (see below).
p32542 : Integration of p31473 (see below).
o 5.9.3
p25854 : 'len' magic is no longer called when pushing an element into a magic array.
p26569 : 'local' magic.
o 5.9.5
p31064 : Meaningful 'uvar' magic.
p31473 : 'clear' magic wasn't invoked when undefining an array. The bug is fixed as
of this version.
o 5.10.0
Since "PERL_MAGIC_uvar" is uppercased, "hv_magic_check()" triggers 'copy' magic on
hash stores for (non-tied) hashes that also have 'uvar' magic.
o 5.11.x
p32969 : 'len' magic is no longer invoked when calling "length" with a magical scalar.
p34908 : 'len' magic is no longer called when pushing / unshifting an element into a
magical array in void context. The "push" part was already covered by p25854.
g9cdcb38b : 'len' magic is called again when pushing into a magical array in non-void
context.
EXPORT
The functions "wizard", "cast", "getdata" and "dispell" are only exported on request. All
of them are exported by the tags ':funcs' and ':all'.
All the constants are also only exported on request, either individually or by the tags
':consts' and ':all'.
CAVEATS
If you store a magic object in the private data slot, the magic won't be accessible by
"getdata" since it's not copied by assignment. The only way to address this would be to
return a reference.
If you define a wizard with a "free" callback and cast it on itself, this destructor won't
be called because the wizard will be destroyed first.
DEPENDENCIES
perl 5.8.
Carp (standard since perl 5), XSLoader (standard since perl 5.006).
Copy tests need Tie::Array (standard since perl 5.005) and Tie::Hash (since 5.002).
Some uvar tests need Hash::Util::FieldHash (standard since perl 5.009004).
Glob tests need Symbol (standard since perl 5.002).
Threads tests need threads and threads::shared.
SEE ALSO
perlguts and perlapi for internal information about magic.
perltie and overload for other ways of enhancing objects.
AUTHOR
Vincent Pit, "<perl at profvince.com>", <http://www.profvince.com>.
You can contact me by mail or on "irc.perl.org" (vincent).
BUGS
Please report any bugs or feature requests to "bug-variable-magic at rt.cpan.org", or
through the web interface at
<http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/ReportBug.html?Queue=Variable-Magic>. I will be notified, and
then you'll automatically be notified of progress on your bug as I make changes.
SUPPORT
You can find documentation for this module with the perldoc command.
perldoc Variable::Magic
Tests code coverage report is available at
<http://www.profvince.com/perl/cover/Variable-Magic>.
COPYRIGHT & LICENSE
Copyright 2007,2008,2009,2010 Vincent Pit, all rights reserved.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same
terms as Perl itself.
perl v5.10.0 2010-01-06 Variable::Magic(3pm)
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