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bigint(3perl) Perl Programmers Reference Guide bigint(3perl)
NAME
bigint - Transparent BigInteger support for Perl
SYNOPSIS
use bignt;
$x = 2 + 4.5,"\n"; # BigInt 6
print 2 ** 512,"\n"; # really is what you think it is
print inf + 42,"\n"; # inf
print NaN * 7,"\n"; # NaN
DESCRIPTION
All operators (including basic math operations) are overloaded. Integer constants are cre-
ated as proper BigInts.
Floating point constants are truncated to integer. All results are also truncated.
OPTIONS
bigint recognizes some options that can be passed while loading it via use. The options
can (currently) be either a single letter form, or the long form. The following options
exist:
a or accuracy
This sets the accuracy for all math operations. The argument must be greater than or
equal to zero. See Math::BigInt's bround() function for details.
perl -Mbigint=a,2 -le 'print 12345+1'
p or precision
This sets the precision for all math operations. The argument can be any integer. Nega-
tive values mean a fixed number of digits after the dot, and are <B>ignored</B> since
all operations happen in integer space. A positive value rounds to this digit left from
the dot. 0 or 1 mean round to integer and are ignore like negative values.
See Math::BigInt's bfround() function for details.
perl -Mbignum=p,5 -le 'print 123456789+123'
t or trace
This enables a trace mode and is primarily for debugging bigint or Math::BigInt.
l or lib
Load a different math lib, see "MATH LIBRARY".
perl -Mbigint=l,GMP -e 'print 2 ** 512'
Currently there is no way to specify more than one library on the command line. This
will be hopefully fixed soon ;)
v or version
This prints out the name and version of all modules used and then exits.
perl -Mbigint=v -e ''
MATH LIBRARY
Math with the numbers is done (by default) by a module called Math::BigInt::Calc. This is
equivalent to saying:
use bigint lib => 'Calc';
You can change this by using:
use bigint lib => 'BitVect';
The following would first try to find Math::BigInt::Foo, then Math::BigInt::Bar, and when
this also fails, revert to Math::BigInt::Calc:
use bigint lib => 'Foo,Math::BigInt::Bar';
Please see respective module documentation for further details.
INTERNAL FORMAT
The numbers are stored as objects, and their internals might change at anytime, especially
between math operations. The objects also might belong to different classes, like
Math::BigInt, or Math::BigInt::Lite. Mixing them together, even with normal scalars is not
extraordinary, but normal and expected.
You should not depend on the internal format, all accesses must go through accessor meth-
ods. E.g. looking at $x->{sign} is not a good idea since there is no guaranty that the
object in question has such a hash key, nor is a hash underneath at all.
SIGN
The sign is either '+', '-', 'NaN', '+inf' or '-inf' and stored seperately. You can
access it with the sign() method.
A sign of 'NaN' is used to represent the result when input arguments are not numbers or as
a result of 0/0. '+inf' and '-inf' represent plus respectively minus infinity. You will
get '+inf' when dividing a positive number by 0, and '-inf' when dividing any negative
number by 0.
METHODS
Since all numbers are now objects, you can use all functions that are part of the BigInt
API. You can only use the bxxx() notation, and not the fxxx() notation, though.
CAVEAT
But a warning is in order. When using the following to make a copy of a number, only a
shallow copy will be made.
$x = 9; $y = $x;
$x = $y = 7;
Using the copy or the original with overloaded math is okay, e.g. the following work:
$x = 9; $y = $x;
print $x + 1, " ", $y,"\n"; # prints 10 9
but calling any method that modifies the number directly will result in both the original
and the copy beeing destroyed:
$x = 9; $y = $x;
print $x->badd(1), " ", $y,"\n"; # prints 10 10
$x = 9; $y = $x;
print $x->binc(1), " ", $y,"\n"; # prints 10 10
$x = 9; $y = $x;
print $x->bmul(2), " ", $y,"\n"; # prints 18 18
Using methods that do not modify, but testthe contents works:
$x = 9; $y = $x;
$z = 9 if $x->is_zero(); # works fine
See the documentation about the copy constructor and "=" in overload, as well as the docu-
mentation in BigInt for further details.
MODULES USED
"bigint" is just a thin wrapper around various modules of the Math::BigInt family. Think
of it as the head of the family, who runs the shop, and orders the others to do the work.
The following modules are currently used by bigint:
Math::BigInt::Lite (for speed, and only if it is loadable)
Math::BigInt
EXAMPLES
Some cool command line examples to impress the Python crowd ;) You might want to compare
them to the results under -Mbignum or -Mbigrat:
perl -Mbigint -le 'print sqrt(33)'
perl -Mbigint -le 'print 2*255'
perl -Mbigint -le 'print 4.5+2*255'
perl -Mbigint -le 'print 3/7 + 5/7 + 8/3'
perl -Mbigint -le 'print 123->is_odd()'
perl -Mbigint -le 'print log(2)'
perl -Mbigint -le 'print 2 ** 0.5'
perl -Mbigint=a,65 -le 'print 2 ** 0.2'
LICENSE
This program is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the same
terms as Perl itself.
SEE ALSO
Especially bigrat as in "perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 1/3+1/4'" and bignum as in "perl
-Mbignum -le 'print sqrt(2)'".
Math::BigInt, Math::BigRat and Math::Big as well as Math::BigInt::BitVect, Math::Big-
Int::Pari and Math::BigInt::GMP.
AUTHORS
(C) by Tels <http://bloodgate.com/> in early 2002, 2003.
perl v5.8.4 2001-09-21 bigint(3perl)
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Under GNU General Public License
2009-01-07 01:32 @38.103.63.57 Crawled by CCBot/1.0 (+http://www.commoncrawl.org/bot.html)