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JPEGTRAN(1) JPEGTRAN(1)
NAME
jpegtran - lossless transformation of JPEG files
SYNOPSIS
jpegtran [ options ] [ filename ]
DESCRIPTION
jpegtran performs various useful transformations of JPEG files. It can translate the
coded representation from one variant of JPEG to another, for example from baseline JPEG
to progressive JPEG or vice versa. It can also perform some rearrangements of the image
data, for example turning an image from landscape to portrait format by rotation.
jpegtran works by rearranging the compressed data (DCT coefficients), without ever fully
decoding the image. Therefore, its transformations are lossless: there is no image degra-
dation at all, which would not be true if you used djpeg followed by cjpeg to accomplish
the same conversion. But by the same token, jpegtran cannot perform lossy operations such
as changing the image quality.
jpegtran reads the named JPEG/JFIF file, or the standard input if no file is named, and
produces a JPEG/JFIF file on the standard output.
OPTIONS
All switch names may be abbreviated; for example, -optimize may be written -opt or -o.
Upper and lower case are equivalent. British spellings are also accepted (e.g., -opti-
mise), though for brevity these are not mentioned below.
To specify the coded JPEG representation used in the output file, jpegtran accepts a sub-
set of the switches recognized by cjpeg:
-optimize
Perform optimization of entropy encoding parameters.
-progressive
Create progressive JPEG file.
-restart N
Emit a JPEG restart marker every N MCU rows, or every N MCU blocks if "B" is
attached to the number.
-scans file
Use the scan script given in the specified text file.
See cjpeg(1) for more details about these switches. If you specify none of these
switches, you get a plain baseline-JPEG output file. The quality setting and so forth are
determined by the input file.
The image can be losslessly transformed by giving one of these switches:
-flip horizontal
Mirror image horizontally (left-right).
-flip vertical
Mirror image vertically (top-bottom).
-rotate 90
Rotate image 90 degrees clockwise.
-rotate 180
Rotate image 180 degrees.
-rotate 270
Rotate image 270 degrees clockwise (or 90 ccw).
-transpose
Transpose image (across UL-to-LR axis).
-transverse
Transverse transpose (across UR-to-LL axis).
The transpose transformation has no restrictions regarding image dimensions. The
other transformations operate rather oddly if the image dimensions are not a multi-
ple of the iMCU size (usually 8 or 16 pixels), because they can only transform com-
plete blocks of DCT coefficient data in the desired way.
jpegtran's default behavior when transforming an odd-size image is designed to pre-
serve exact reversibility and mathematical consistency of the transformation set.
As stated, transpose is able to flip the entire image area. Horizontal mirroring
leaves any partial iMCU column at the right edge untouched, but is able to flip all
rows of the image. Similarly, vertical mirroring leaves any partial iMCU row at
the bottom edge untouched, but is able to flip all columns. The other transforms
can be built up as sequences of transpose and flip operations; for consistency,
their actions on edge pixels are defined to be the same as the end result of the
corresponding transpose-and-flip sequence.
For practical use, you may prefer to discard any untransformable edge pixels rather
than having a strange-looking strip along the right and/or bottom edges of a trans-
formed image. To do this, add the -trim switch:
-trim Drop non-transformable edge blocks.
Obviously, a transformation with -trim is not reversible, so strictly speaking
jpegtran with this switch is not lossless. Also, the expected mathematical equiva-
lences between the transformations no longer hold. For example, -rot 270 -trim
trims only the bottom edge, but -rot 90 -trim followed by -rot 180 -trim trims both
edges.
If you are only interested by perfect transformation, add the -perfect switch:
-perfect
Fails with an error if the transformation is not perfect. For example you may want
to do
(jpegtran -rot 90 -perfect foo.jpg || djpeg foo.jpg| pnmflip -r90 | cjpeg)
to do a perfect rotation if available or an approximated one if not.
We also offer a lossless-crop option, which discards data outside a given image region but
losslessly preserves what is inside. Like the rotate and flip transforms, lossless crop
is restricted by the JPEG format: the upper left corner of the selected region must fall
on an iMCU boundary. If this does not hold for the given crop parameters, we silently
move the upper left corner up and/or left to make it so, simultaneously increasing the
region dimensions to keep the lower right crop corner unchanged. (Thus, the output image
covers at least the requested region, but may cover more.)
Note: -perfect and lossless-crop are enhancements from http://sylvana.net/jpegcrop/
that may not be available on non-Debian systems.
The image can be losslessly cropped by giving the switch:
-crop WxH+X+Y
Crop to a rectangular subarea of width W, height H starting at point X,Y.
Another not-strictly-lossless transformation switch is:
-grayscale
Force grayscale output.
This option discards the chrominance channels if the input image is YCbCr (ie, a
standard color JPEG), resulting in a grayscale JPEG file. The luminance channel is
preserved exactly, so this is a better method of reducing to grayscale than decom-
pression, conversion, and recompression. This switch is particularly handy for
fixing a monochrome picture that was mistakenly encoded as a color JPEG. (In such
a case, the space savings from getting rid of the near-empty chroma channels won't
be large; but the decoding time for a grayscale JPEG is substantially less than
that for a color JPEG.)
jpegtran also recognizes these switches that control what to do with "extra" markers, such
as comment blocks:
-copy none
Copy no extra markers from source file. This setting suppresses all comments and
other excess baggage present in the source file.
-copy comments
Copy only comment markers. This setting copies comments from the source file, but
discards any other inessential data.
-copy all
Copy all extra markers. This setting preserves miscellaneous markers found in the
source file, such as Exif data, JFIF thumbnails and Photoshop settings. In some
files these extra markers can be sizable.
The default behavior is -copy comments. (Note: in IJG releases v6 and v6a, jpeg-
tran always did the equivalent of -copy none.)
Additional switches recognized by jpegtran are:
-maxmemory N
Set limit for amount of memory to use in processing large images. Value is in
thousands of bytes, or millions of bytes if "M" is attached to the number. For
example, -max 4m selects 4000000 bytes. If more space is needed, temporary files
will be used.
-outfile name
Send output image to the named file, not to standard output.
-verbose
Enable debug printout. More -v's give more output. Also, version information is
printed at startup.
-debug Same as -verbose.
EXAMPLES
This example converts a baseline JPEG file to progressive form:
jpegtran -progressive foo.jpg > fooprog.jpg
This example rotates an image 90 degrees clockwise, discarding any unrotatable edge pix-
els:
jpegtran -rot 90 -trim foo.jpg > foo90.jpg
ENVIRONMENT
JPEGMEM
If this environment variable is set, its value is the default memory limit. The
value is specified as described for the -maxmemory switch. JPEGMEM overrides the
default value specified when the program was compiled, and itself is overridden by
an explicit -maxmemory.
SEE ALSO
cjpeg(1), djpeg(1), rdjpgcom(1), wrjpgcom(1)
Wallace, Gregory K. "The JPEG Still Picture Compression Standard", Communications of the
ACM, April 1991 (vol. 34, no. 4), pp. 30-44.
AUTHOR
Independent JPEG Group
BUGS
Arithmetic coding is not supported for legal reasons.
The transform options can't transform odd-size images perfectly. Use -trim or -perfect if
you don't like the results.
The entire image is read into memory and then written out again, even in cases where this
isn't really necessary. Expect swapping on large images, especially when using the more
complex transform options.
3 August 1997 JPEGTRAN(1)
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On Apache
Under GNU General Public License
2012-05-26 00:42 @38.107.179.237 Crawled by CCBot/1.0 (+http://www.commoncrawl.org/bot.html)