safecat(1) - phpMan

safecat(1) safecat(1)

NAME
safecat - safely write data to a file

SYNOPSIS
safecat tempdir destdir

INTRODUCTION
safecat is a program which implements Professor Daniel Bernstein's maildir algorithm to
copy stdin safely to a file in a specified directory. With safecat, the user is offered
two assurances. First, if safecat returns a successful exit status, then all data is
guaranteed to be saved in the destination directory. Second, if a file exists in the des-
tination directory, placed there by safecat, then the file is guaranteed to be complete.

When saving data with safecat, the user specifies a destination directory, but not a file
name. The file name is selected by safecat to ensure that no filename collisions occur,
even if many safecat processes and other programs implementing the maildir algorithm are
writing to the directory simultaneously. If particular filenames are desired, then the
user should rename the file after safecat completes. In general, when spooling data with
safecat, a single, separate process should handle naming, collecting, and deleting these
files. Examples of such a process are daemons, cron jobs, and mail readers.

RELIABILITY ISSUES
A machine may crash while data is being written to disk. For many programs, including
many mail delivery agents, this means that the data will be silently truncated. Using
Professor Bernstein's maildir algorithm, every file is guaranteed complete or nonexistent.

Many people or programs may write data to a common "spool" directory. Systems like mh-
mail store files using numeric names in a directory. Incautious writing to files can
result in a collision, in which one write succeeds and the other appears to succeed but
fails. Common strategies to resolve this problem involve creation of lock files or other
synchronizing mechanisms, but such mechanisms are subject to failure. Anyone who has
deleted $HOME/.netscape/lock in order to start netscape can attest to this. The maildir
algorithm is immune to this problem because it uses no locks at all.

THE MAILDIR ALGORITHM
As described in maildir(5), safecat applies the maildir algorithm by writing data in six
steps. First, it stat()s the two directories tempdir and destdir, and exits unless both
directories exist and are writable. Second, it stat()s the name tempdir/time.pid.host,
where time is the number of seconds since the beginning of 1970 GMT, pid is the program's
process ID, and host is the host name. Third, if stat() returned anything other than
ENOENT, the program sleeps for two seconds, updates time, and tries the stat() again, a
limited number of times. Fourth, the program creates tempdir/time.pid.host. Fifth, the
program NFS-writes the message to the file. Sixth, the program link()s the file to dest-
dir/time.pid.host. At that instant the data has been successfully written.

In addition, safecat starts a 24-hour timer before creating tempdir/time.pid.host, and
aborts the write if the timer expires. Upon error, timeout, or normal completion, safecat
attempts to unlink() tempdir/time.pid.host.

EXIT STATUS
An exit status of 0 (success) implies that all data has been safely committed to disk. A
non-zero exit status should be considered to mean failure, though there is an outside
chance that safecat wrote the data successfully, but didn't think so.

Note again that if a file appears in the destination directory, then it is guaranteed to
be complete.

If safecat completes successfully, then it will print the name of the newly created file
(without its path) to standard output.

SUGGESTED APPLICATIONS
Exciting uses for safecat abound, obviously, but a word may be in order to suggest what
they are.

If you run Linux and use qmail instead of sendmail, you should consider converting your
inbox to maildir for its superior reliability. If your home directory is NFS mounted,
qmail forces you to use maildir. On the downside, the lovely tool procmail, which filters
your spam, does not know maildir. Rather than running the patched procmail, you might
consider using safecat to deliver to your inbox. That allows you to use the latest proc-
mail without waiting for the maildir patches to be applied to it.

(Note: the previous paragraph was written before procmail started handling maildir deliv-
ery. Since maildir delivery has been added, my point is made stronger! Procmail's maildir
support does not comply with Dan's algorithm, and so does not offer the reliability
promised by maildir delivery. Procmail plus safecat has always offered reliable maildir
delivery. Another victory for modularity!)

If you write CGI applications to collect data over the World Wide Web, you might find
safecat useful. Web applications suffer from two major problems. Their performance suf-
fers from every stoppage or bottleneck in the internet; they cannot afford to introduce
performance problems of their own. Additionally, web applications should NEVER leave the
server and database in an inconsistent state. This is likely, however, if CGI scripts
directly frob some database--particularly if the database is overloaded or slow. What
happens when users get bored and click "Stop" or "Back"? Maybe the database activity com-
pletes. Maybe the CGI script is killed, leaving the DB in an inconsistent state.

Consider the following strategy. Make your CGI script dump its request to a spool direc-
tory using safecat. Immediately return a receipt to the browser. Now the browser has a
complete guarantee that their submission is received, and the perceived performance of
your web application is optimal.

Meanwhile, a spooler daemon notices the fresh request, snatches it and updates the
database. Browsers can be informed that their request will be fulfilled in X minutes.
The result is optimal performance despite a capricious internet. In addition, users can
be offered nearly 100% reliability.

EXAMPLES
To convince sendmail to use maildir for message delivery, add the following line to your
.forward file:

|SAFECAT HOME/Maildir/tmp HOME/Maildir/new || exit 75 #USERNAME

where SAFECAT is the complete path of the safecat program, HOME is the complete path to
your home directory, and USERNAME is your login name. Making this change is likely to pay
off; many campuses and companies mount user home directories with NFS. Using maildir to
deliver to your inbox folder helps ensure that your mail will not be lost due to some NFS
error. Of course, if you are a System Administrator, you should consider switching to
qmail.

To run a program and catch its output safely into some directory, you can use a shell
script like the following.

#!/bin/bash

MYPROGRAM=cat # The program you want to run
TEMPDIR=/tmp # The name of a temporary directory
DESTDIR=$HOME/work/data # The directory for storing information

try() { $* 2>/dev/null || echo NO 1>&2 }

set `( try $MYPROGRAM | try safecat $TEMPDIR $DESTDIR ) 2>&1`
test "$?" = "0" || exit -1
test "$1" = "NO" && { rm -f $DESTDIR/$2; exit -1; }

This script illustrates the pitfalls of writing secure programs with the shell. The
script assumes that your program might generate some output, but then fail to complete.
There is no way for safecat to know whether your program completed successfully or not,
because of the semantics of the shell. As a result, safecat might create a file in the
data directory which is "complete" but not useful. The shell script deletes the file in
that case.

More generally, the safest way to use safecat is from within a C program which invokes
safecat with fork() and execve(). The parent process can the simply kill() the safecat
process if any problems develop, and optionally can try again. Whether to go to this
trouble depends upon how serious you are about protecting your data. Either way, safecat
will not be the weak link in your data flow.

BUGS
In order to perform the last step and link() the temporary file into the destination
directory, both directories must reside in the same file system. If they do not, safecat
will quietly fail every time. In Professor Bernstein's implementation of maildir, the
temporary and destination directories are required to belong to the same parent directory,
which essentially avoids this problem. We relax this requirement to provide some flexi-
bility, at the cost of some risk. Caveat emptor.

Although safecat cleans up after itself, it may sometimes fail to delete the temporary
file located in tempdir. Since safecat times out after 24 hours, you may freely delete
any temporary files older than 36 hours. Files newer than 36 hours should be left alone.
A system of data flow involving safecat should include a cron job to clean up temporary
files, or should obligate consumers of the data to do the cleanup, or both. In the case
of qmail, mail readers using maildir are expected to scan and clean up the temporary
directory.

The guarantee of safe delivery of data is only "as certain as UNIX will allow." In par-
ticular, a disk hardware failure could result in safecat concluding that the data was
safe, when it was not. Similarly, a successful exit status from safecat is of no value if
the computer, its disks and backups all explode at some subsequent time.

In other words, if your data is vital to you, then you won't just use safecat. You'll
also invest in good equipment (possibly including a RAID disk), a UPS for the server and
drives, a regular backup schedule, and competent system administration. For many pur-
poses, however, safecat can be considered 100% reliable.

Also note that safecat was designed for spooling email messages; it is not the right tool
for spooling large files--files larger than 2GB, for example. Some operating systems have
a bug which causes safecat to fail silently when spooling files larger than 2GB. When
building safecat, you can take advantage of conditional support for large files on Linux;
see conf-cc for further information.

CREDITS
The maildir algorithm was devised by Professor Daniel Bernstein, the author of qmail.
Parts of this manpage borrow directly from maildir(5) by Professor Bernstein. In particu-
lar, the section "THE MAILDIR ALGORITHM" transplants his explanation of the maildir algo-
rithm in order to illustrate that safecat complies with it.

The original code for safecat was written by the present author, but was since augmented
with heavy borrowings from qmail code. However, under no circumstances should the author
of qmail be contacted concerning safecat bugs; all are the fault, and the responsibility,
of the present author.

SEE ALSO
mbox(5), qmail-local(8), maildir(5)

safecat(1)

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